The emergence of cicadas this summer is creating a ripple effect in the ecosystem, causing changes in predator-prey dynamics and nutrient cycling. Scientist Zoe Getman-Pickering observed that during the recent 2021 Brood X emergence, the presence of cicadas led to a decrease in bird predation, allowing caterpillar populations to explode and consume more oak leaves. This unexpected perturbation in the ecosystem has wide-ranging effects that researchers like Louie Yang are studying.
Cicadas play a vital role in shaping the forest environment around them. As nymphs, they create tunnels in the ground that facilitate water movement through the soil, benefiting plants and microbes. Upon reaching adulthood, cicadas shed their exoskeletons and fly off to mate and lay eggs in tree branches. While their egg-laying activity may cause damage to some branches, it acts as a form of natural pruning for mature trees, promoting overall tree health and flower growth.
After mating season, cicadas die and decompose, leaving behind a pungent odor and millions of pounds of carcasses at the base of trees. Despite the smell, these carcasses provide a source of nutrients for scavengers in the soil, ultimately benefiting plants and aiding in the growth of aquatic ecosystems downstream. While the sight and smell of cicadas may be unpleasant, they play a vital role in nutrient cycling and ecosystem health.
Researchers are encouraging citizen scientists to contribute to the study of cicadas by submitting photos of local emergences through apps like Cicada Safari. By understanding and appreciating the natural phenomenon of cicadas, we can gain valuable insights into the intricate workings of the ecosystem.
